Hence (1) no one
can learn or understand anything in the absence of sense, and (when
the mind is actively aware of anything it is necessarily aware of it
along with an image; for images are like sensuous contents except in
that they contain no matter.
Imagination is different from assertion and denial; for what is true
or false involves a synthesis of concepts. In what will the primary
concepts differ from images? Must we not say that neither these nor
even our other concepts are images, though they necessarily involve
them?
9
The soul of animals is characterized by two faculties, (a) the
faculty of discrimination which is the work of thought and sense,
and (b) the faculty of originating local movement. Sense and mind we
have now sufficiently examined. Let us next consider what it is in the
soul which originates movement. Is it a single part of the soul
separate either spatially or in definition? Or is it the soul as a
whole? If it is a part, is that part different from those usually
distinguished or already mentioned by us, or is it one of them? The
problem at once presents itself, in what sense we are to speak of
parts of the soul, or how many we should distinguish. For in a sense
there is an infinity of parts: it is not enough to distinguish, with
some thinkers, the calculative, the passionate, and the
desiderative, or with others the rational and the irrational; for if
we take the dividing lines followed by these thinkers we shall find
parts far more distinctly separated from one another than these,
namely those we have just mentioned: (1) the nutritive, which
belongs both to plants and to all animals, and (2) the sensitive,
which cannot easily be classed as either irrational or rational;
further (3) the imaginative, which is, in its being, different from
all, while it is very hard to say with which of the others it is the
same or not the same, supposing we determine to posit separate parts
in the soul; and lastly (4) the appetitive, which would seem to be
distinct both in definition and in power from all hitherto enumerated.
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