That then which makes doubtfulness and uncertainty in the
signification of some more than other words, is the difference of
ideas they stand for.
5. Natural causes of their imperfection, especially in those that
stand for mixed modes, and for our ideas of substances. Words having
naturally no signification, the idea which each stands for must be
learned and retained, by those who would exchange thoughts, and hold
intelligible discourse with others, in any language. But this is the
hardest to be done where,
First, The ideas they stand for are very complex, and made up of a
great number of ideas put together.
Secondly, Where the ideas they stand for have no certain connexion
in nature; and so no settled standard anywhere in nature existing,
to rectify and adjust them by.
Thirdly, When the signification of the word is referred to a
standard, which standard is not easy to be known.
Fourthly, Where the signification of the word and the real essence
of the thing are not exactly the same.
These are difficulties that attend the signification of several
words that are intelligible. Those which are not intelligible at
all, such as names standing for any simple ideas which another has not
organs or faculties to attain; as the names of colours to a blind man,
or sounds to a deaf man, need not here be mentioned.
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